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Introduction

I had introduced how to draw an EAN13 barcode in my last article. This article is about UPC barcodes, with two instances: UPCA and UPCE.

UPCA barcode

UPCA and UPCE background

UPCA is the most commonly symbology (at least in the US), you can find them at supermarkets, bookstores� UPCA uses 11 digits (0 through 9) to encode its message data, the 12^th character is the check digit. UPCA can be divided into 4 parts: system number, manufacturer code, product code, and check digit. We also follow this structure to draw the barcode.

The UPCE is a variation of UPCA. By removing some continued zeros, the UPCE compresses the message data, so it is about half the size of a UPCA barcode. UPCE is used on small packaging, where UPCA could not fit well.

UPCE also consists of 4 parts, but you can only see 3 parts, as in the picture below:

UPCE Barcode

�0� is the number system, �123456� is the manufacturer code and product code compressed and joined into one, and the last number is the check digit and it can be calculated from the original UPCA message data. �can be�, this means the compressed message is used to generate the check digit (just my opinion, should be wrong ?).

UPCE compresses the manufacturer code and product code only. In this article, I have not discussed how to convert message data from UPCA to UPCE yet, but I promise to work on that after my examination.

Encoding UPCA and UPCE

Actually, UPCA is a subset of EAN13 that the first number is set to zero. That is you can use the EAN13 encoding method to encode UPCA. UPCA uses two different patterns, the left pattern used to encode the number system and the manufacturer code, and the right pattern used to encode the product code and check digits. Please see the table below.

Number	Left Digits	Right Digits
0	sssbbsb	bbbssbs
1	ssbbssb	bbssbbs
2	ssbssbb	bbsbbss
3	sbbbbsb	bssssbs
4	sbsssbb	bsbbbss
5	sbbsssb	bssbbbs
6	sbsbbbb	bsbssss
7	sbbbsbb	bsssbss
8	sbbsbbb	bssbsss
9	sssbsbb	bbbsbss

Table 1

�s� represents space and �b� represents bar.

UPCE uses the Left Digits Odd Parity and the Right Digits Even Parity characters set from the EAN13 encoding standard. Please see the table below:

Number	Left Digits
	Odd Parity	Even Parity
0	sssbbsb	sbssbbb
1	ssbbssb	sbbssbb
2	ssbssbb	ssbbsbb
3	sbbbbsb	sbssssb
4	sbsssbb	ssbbbsb
5	sbbsssb	sbbbssb
6	sbsbbbb	ssssbsb
7	sbbbsbb	ssbsssb
8	sbbsbbb	sssbssb
9	sssbsbb	ssbsbbb

Table 2

Additionally, UPCE may only be used if the system is 0 or 1. The encoded characters are encoded with odd and even parity by the Left Digits Odd and the Left Digits Even from the table above. The parity used for each character depends on the number system and the check digit. See the table below.

Check Digit	Number System
	0	1
0	EEEOOO	OOOEEE
1	EEOEOO	OOEOEE
2	EEOOEO	OOEEOE
3	EEOOOE	OOEEEO
4	EOEEOO	OEOOEE
5	EOOEEO	OEEOOE
6	EOOOEE	OEEEOO
7	EOEOEO	OEOEOE
8	EOEOOE	OEOEEO
9	EOOEOE	OEEOEO

Table 3

Example

An example may be useful here. I will show you how to encode the UPCA message data: �01234567890�. The message consists of three parts (remember that the check digit is not available at this time):

• 0 - System number
• 12345 � Manufacturer code
• 67890 � Product code

We calculate the check digit by scanning from the beginning to the end of the message. With each character, if its position in the string is odd, multiply it by 3. Otherwise, just add it into the sum.

0*3 + 1 + 2*3 + 3 + 4*3 + 5 + 6*3 + 7 + 8*3 + 9 + 0*3  =  85

In this case, the next number following 85 that is divisible by 10 is 90. We need to add 5 to 85 to get 90, and 5 is our check digit. Modulus of 10 is taken from 85, and this is subtracted by 10 again to get 5.

10 � (85%10) = 5

And now, our result is �0 12345 67890 5�.

The same method is used to calculate the check digit for the UPCE message data, but the length of the UPCE message data is shorter than that for UPCA. In fact, the check digit for UPCE must be calculated from the original UPCA message data (non-compressed message).

UPC Class

My UPC is based on the CBarcode class that has been introduced in Neil Van Eps' series of articles. It�s necessary to introduce this class again.

class CBarcode
{
    public:
        CBarcode();
        void LoadData(CString csMessage, double dNarrowBar, double dFinalHeight, 
                      HDC pDC, int nStartingXPixel, int nStartingYPixel, 
                      double dRatio = 1.0);
        virtual void DrawBitmap() = 0;
        virtual void BitmapToClipboard() = 0;
        virtual ~CBarcode();
        long GetBarcodePixelWidth();
        long GetBarcodePixelHeight();
    protected:
        CString m_csMessage;
        HDC m_hDC;
        long m_nFinalBarcodePixelWidth;
        long m_nNarrowBarPixelWidth;
        long m_nPixelHeight;
        long m_nStartingXPixel;
        long m_nStartingYPixel;
        long m_nSymbology;
        long m_nWideBarPixelWidth;
        virtual void DrawPattern(CString csPattern) = 0;
};

And here is the CUPC class declaration. It's implemented to draw UPCA and UPCE barcodes.

class CUPC : public CBarcode  
{
public:
    CUPC();
    CUPC(int nSymbology);

    virtual ~CUPC();
    void LoadData(CString csMessage, double dNarrowBar, 
                  double dFinalHeight, long nGuardbarHeight, 
                  HDC hDC, int nStartingXPixel, 
                  int nStartingYPixel, double dRatio);
    
    void DrawBitmap();
    void BitmapToClipboard();

    
    private:
    long m_nGuardbarHeight;
    long CalculateCheckSumDigit();

    CString RetrieveSystemNumberPattern(int iSystemNumber/* = 0*/, int iNumber);

    //used for encoding UPCE barcode
    CString RetrieveLeftOddParityPattern(int iNumber);
    //used for encoding UPCE barcode
    CString RetrieveLeftEvenParityPattern(int iNumber);
    
    CString RetrieveLeftPattern(int iNumber);
    CString RetrieveRightPattern(int iNumber);

    void DrawPattern(CString csPattern);

    void DrawUPCA();
    void DrawUPCE();
};

Drawing a UPC Barcode

void CUPC::DrawUPCA()
{
    int i, tmpGuardBarHeight;
    
    DrawPattern("sssssssss"); // draw quite zone    
    DrawPattern("bsb"); // draw lead

    // draw number system
    DrawPattern(RetrieveLeftPattern((int)m_csMessage.GetAt(0)-48));
    
    tmpGuardBarHeight = m_nGuardbarHeight;
    m_nGuardbarHeight = 0;

    for (i = 1 ; i < 6 ; i++)// draw manufacturer code
        DrawPattern(RetrieveLeftPattern((int)m_csMessage.GetAt(i)-48));

    m_nGuardbarHeight = tmpGuardBarHeight;

    DrawPattern("sbsbs"); // draw separator bars

    tmpGuardBarHeight = m_nGuardbarHeight;
    m_nGuardbarHeight = 0;

    for (i = 6 ; i < 11 ; i ++) // draw product code
        DrawPattern(RetrieveRightPattern((int)m_csMessage.GetAt(i)-48));

    m_nGuardbarHeight = tmpGuardBarHeight;
    DrawPattern(RetrieveRightPattern(CalculateCheckSumDigit()));
    //draw check sum digits
 
    DrawPattern("bsb"); // draw trailer bars
    DrawPattern("sssssssss"); // draw quite zone 

}

void CUPC::DrawUPCE()
{
    
    int i,nCheckDigit, nSystemNumber, tmpGuardBarHeight;

    nSystemNumber = (int)m_csMessage.GetAt(0)-48;
    nCheckDigit = CalculateCheckSumDigit();
    
    CString strSystemNumberPattern = 
      RetrieveSystemNumberPattern(nSystemNumber,nCheckDigit);

    DrawPattern("sssssssss"); // draw quite zone    
    DrawPattern("bsb"); // draw lead
    
    tmpGuardBarHeight = m_nGuardbarHeight;
    m_nGuardbarHeight = 0;
    
    for (i = 1 ; i < 7 ; i ++){
        if (strSystemNumberPattern[i-1] == 'O')
            DrawPattern(RetrieveLeftOddParityPattern((int)m_csMessage.GetAt(i)-48));

        if (strSystemNumberPattern[i-1] == 'E')
            DrawPattern(RetrieveLeftEvenParityPattern((int)m_csMessage.GetAt(i)-48));
    }

    m_nGuardbarHeight = tmpGuardBarHeight;

    DrawPattern("sbsbs"); // draw separator bars
    DrawPattern("b"); // draw trailer bars
    DrawPattern("sssssssss"); // draw quite zone 

}

Using the code

Drawing UPCA

CUPC upc(UPCA); // create UPCA barcode
HDC hDC = m_staticBitmap.GetDC()->m_hDC;
                   
upc.LoadData("01234567890",0.018,1.0,10,hDC,0,0,3.0);
upc.DrawBitmap();

Drawing UPCE

CUPC upc(UPCE); // create UPCE barcode
HDC hDC = m_staticBitmap.GetDC()->m_hDC;
                   
upc.LoadData("1123456",0.018,1.0,10,hDC,0,0,3.0);
upc.DrawBitmap();