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VC++ Single Instance Window, CreateWindow, CWinApp, SetWindowPos, SetFocus

Environment:  VC++, Win32

Limiting an application to a single instance is very problematic. There are dozens of solutions available; most of them work most of the time. The problem is that solutions that use ProcessIDs or Window Handles fail occasionally due to Windows sloppy internal handling.

Here is a quick and dirty solution for keeping a single instance of a window. It uses shared memory to maintain a linked list of open windows. An application checks the list on startup, and if the application is on the list, it is exited.

Here is the header:

#if !defined(AFX_SingleInstance_H__INCLUDED_)
#define AFX_SingleInstance_H__INCLUDED_

// SingleInstance.h : header file
//

void RegisterSiblingWindowHandle(LPCTSTR lpLabel, HWND hWnd);
HWND GetSiblingWindowHandle(LPCTSTR lpLabel);
void RemoveSiblingWindowHandle(LPCTSTR lpLabel);
void RemoveSiblingWindowHandle(HWND hWnd);
void OpenSiblingWindowHandles(void);
void CloseSiblingWindowHandles(void);

//{{AFX_INSERT_LOCATION}}
// Microsoft Visual C++ will insert additional declarations
// immediately before the previous line.

#endif // !defined(AFX_SingleInstance_H__INCLUDED_)

To use the code, you need to activate the link to the shared list. The easiest way to do that is to insert the function

OpenSiblingWindowHandles();

into the constructor of CWinApp() if you are using MFC, or right after the RegisterClass() in your WinMain() in a standard Windows application.

You need to release the list at the end of the application as well with

CloseSiblingWindowHandles();

This works from the CWinApp() destructor in MFC or after the message loop in a Windows application.

When an application starts, before the main window is created (either via ProcessShellCommand(), DoModal(), or CreateWindow()), insert this code:

HWND hWndOther = GetSiblingWindowHandle(_T("My Unique ID"));
if( hWndOther != NULL )
{
   ::SetWindowPos(hWndOther, HWND_TOP, 0, 0, 0, 0,
                  SWP_NOMOVE|SWP_NOSIZE);
   ::SetFocus(hWndOther);
   return FALSE;
}

When a new window is opened (like in CMainFrame or after CreateWindow()):

RegisterSiblingWindowHandle(_T("My Unique ID"), m_hWnd);

To unregister a window (in ExitInstance() or just before the CloseSiblingWindowHandles()):

RemoveSiblingWindowHandle(_T("My Unique ID"));

Of course, replace all the _T("My Unique ID") tags with a unique ID for your app.

About the Author
I have worked as a Software Engineer for 22 years. I work with Windows, Unix/Linux, DSP, and Microcontrollers.

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